| Surgery | Laparoscopy, robotic surgery, minimally invasive techniques | Surgical removal of the tumor | Complete removal of the tumor, curative in early-stage cancers | Bleeding, infection, wound healing issues. Recovery time varies based on the type of surgery and the patient’s overall condition. |
| Chemotherapy | Development of new drugs, targeted therapies | Administration of drugs that kill cancer cells via IV or orally | Kills cancer cells throughout the body, shrinks tumors | Hair loss, nausea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression. Recovery time varies based on the drug used and the patient’s overall condition. |
| Radiotherapy | High-energy radiation targeting tumors, IMRT (intensity-modulated radiotherapy) | Killing tumor cells with radiation beams | Tumor shrinkage, pain reduction | Skin redness, fatigue, nausea. Recovery time varies based on the radiation dose and treatment area. |
| Biological Therapy (Immunotherapy) | Monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy | Enhancing the patient’s immune system to fight cancer cells | Targets cancer cells by activating the immune system, long-term response | Fever, fatigue, immune system attacking other cells (autoimmune reactions). Recovery time varies based on the drug used and the patient’s overall condition. |
